Python邮件自动化：smtplib+email模块，定时发送报告不求人

邮件自动化是办公自动化的重要组成部分，可以实现定时发送报告、批量发送通知等功能。本篇将介绍如何使用Python发送邮件，包括纯文本、HTML格式和带附件的邮件。

Python邮件自动化

1. 邮件协议简介

协议	用途	端口
SMTP	发送邮件	25, 465(SSL), 587(TLS)
POP3	接收邮件（下载后删除）	110, 995(SSL)
IMAP	接收邮件（同步）	143, 993(SSL)

常用邮箱SMTP服务器：

邮箱	SMTP服务器	端口
QQ邮箱	smtp.qq.com	465/587
163邮箱	smtp.163.com	465/994
Gmail	smtp.gmail.com	587
Outlook	smtp.office365.com	587
企业邮箱	根据企业配置	-

⚠️ 注意：大多数邮箱需要开启SMTP服务并获取授权码，而不是使用登录密码。

2. 发送简单邮件

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.header import Header

def send_simple_email(
    sender_email,
    sender_password,
    receiver_email,
    subject,
    content,
    smtp_server='smtp.qq.com',
    smtp_port=465
):
    """
    发送简单文本邮件
    
    Args:
        sender_email: 发件人邮箱
        sender_password: 授权码（不是登录密码）
        receiver_email: 收件人邮箱
        subject: 邮件主题
        content: 邮件内容
        smtp_server: SMTP服务器
        smtp_port: SMTP端口
    """
    # 创建邮件对象
    message = MIMEText(content, 'plain', 'utf-8')
    message['From'] = Header(sender_email)
    message['To'] = Header(receiver_email)
    message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
    
    try:
        # 连接SMTP服务器（SSL）
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, smtp_port)
        
        # 登录
        server.login(sender_email, sender_password)
        
        # 发送邮件
        server.sendmail(sender_email, [receiver_email], message.as_string())
        
        print("邮件发送成功！")
        
    except smtplib.SMTPException as e:
        print(f"邮件发送失败：{e}")
    
    finally:
        server.quit()

# 使用示例
# send_simple_email(
#     sender_email='[email protected]',
#     sender_password='your_auth_code',  # QQ邮箱授权码
#     receiver_email='[email protected]',
#     subject='测试邮件',
#     content='这是一封测试邮件。'
# )

3. 发送HTML邮件

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.header import Header

def send_html_email(
    sender_email,
    sender_password,
    receiver_email,
    subject,
    html_content,
    smtp_server='smtp.qq.com',
    smtp_port=465
):
    """发送HTML格式邮件"""
    
    # 创建多部分邮件
    message = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
    message['From'] = sender_email
    message['To'] = receiver_email
    message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
    
    # 添加HTML内容
    html_part = MIMEText(html_content, 'html', 'utf-8')
    message.attach(html_part)
    
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, smtp_port)
        server.login(sender_email, sender_password)
        server.sendmail(sender_email, [receiver_email], message.as_string())
        print("HTML邮件发送成功！")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"发送失败：{e}")
    finally:
        server.quit()

# HTML邮件模板
html_template = """
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <style>
        body { font-family: Arial, sans-serif; }
        .container { max-width: 600px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; }
        .header { background-color: #4472C4; color: white; padding: 20px; text-align: center; }
        .content { padding: 20px; background-color: #f5f5f5; }
        .footer { text-align: center; padding: 10px; color: #666; font-size: 12px; }
        table { width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 20px 0; }
        th, td { border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 10px; text-align: left; }
        th { background-color: #4472C4; color: white; }
        .highlight { color: #e74c3c; font-weight: bold; }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <div class="header">
            <h1>月度销售报告</h1>
        </div>
        <div class="content">
            <p>尊敬的领导：</p>
            <p>以下是本月销售数据汇总：</p>
            
            <table>
                <tr>
                    <th>产品</th>
                    <th>销量</th>
                    <th>金额</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>产品A</td>
                    <td>100</td>
                    <td>¥10,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td>产品B</td>
                    <td>150</td>
                    <td>¥15,000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                    <td><strong>合计</strong></td>
                    <td><strong>250</strong></td>
                    <td class="highlight">¥25,000</td>
                </tr>
            </table>
            
            <p>本月销售额同比增长 <span class="highlight">15%</span>。</p>
            <p>详细报告请查看附件。</p>
        </div>
        <div class="footer">
            <p>此邮件由系统自动发送，请勿回复。</p>
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>
"""

# 使用示例
# send_html_email(
#     sender_email='[email protected]',
#     sender_password='your_auth_code',
#     receiver_email='[email protected]',
#     subject='月度销售报告',
#     html_content=html_template
# )

4. 发送带附件的邮件

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication
from email import encoders
from pathlib import Path

def send_email_with_attachments(
    sender_email,
    sender_password,
    receiver_emails,  # 支持多个收件人
    subject,
    content,
    attachments=None,  # 附件列表
    cc_emails=None,    # 抄送
    bcc_emails=None,   # 密送
    smtp_server='smtp.qq.com',
    smtp_port=465,
    is_html=False
):
    """
    发送带附件的邮件
    
    Args:
        receiver_emails: 收件人列表
        attachments: 附件文件路径列表
        cc_emails: 抄送列表
        bcc_emails: 密送列表
    """
    # 创建邮件
    message = MIMEMultipart()
    message['From'] = sender_email
    message['To'] = ', '.join(receiver_emails) if isinstance(receiver_emails, list) else receiver_emails
    message['Subject'] = subject
    
    if cc_emails:
        message['Cc'] = ', '.join(cc_emails)
    
    # 添加正文
    content_type = 'html' if is_html else 'plain'
    message.attach(MIMEText(content, content_type, 'utf-8'))
    
    # 添加附件
    if attachments:
        for file_path in attachments:
            path = Path(file_path)
            if not path.exists():
                print(f"附件不存在：{file_path}")
                continue
            
            with open(path, 'rb') as f:
                attachment = MIMEApplication(f.read())
                attachment.add_header(
                    'Content-Disposition',
                    'attachment',
                    filename=('utf-8', '', path.name)  # 支持中文文件名
                )
                message.attach(attachment)
    
    # 收集所有收件人
    all_recipients = []
    if isinstance(receiver_emails, list):
        all_recipients.extend(receiver_emails)
    else:
        all_recipients.append(receiver_emails)
    if cc_emails:
        all_recipients.extend(cc_emails)
    if bcc_emails:
        all_recipients.extend(bcc_emails)
    
    try:
        server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, smtp_port)
        server.login(sender_email, sender_password)
        server.sendmail(sender_email, all_recipients, message.as_string())
        print(f"邮件发送成功！收件人：{all_recipients}")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"发送失败：{e}")
    finally:
        server.quit()

# 使用示例
# send_email_with_attachments(
#     sender_email='[email protected]',
#     sender_password='your_auth_code',
#     receiver_emails=['[email protected]', '[email protected]'],
#     subject='带附件的邮件',
#     content='请查看附件。',
#     attachments=['report.xlsx', 'data.pdf'],
#     cc_emails=['[email protected]']
# )

5. 使用Outlook发送邮件

如果你使用Outlook客户端，可以通过win32com直接调用Outlook发送邮件：

# 需要安装：pip install pywin32
import win32com.client as win32

def send_outlook_email(
    to_recipients,
    subject,
    body,
    attachments=None,
    cc_recipients=None,
    is_html=False
):
    """
    使用Outlook发送邮件
    
    Args:
        to_recipients: 收件人（字符串或列表）
        subject: 主题
        body: 正文
        attachments: 附件路径列表
        cc_recipients: 抄送
        is_html: 是否HTML格式
    """
    try:
        # 创建Outlook应用
        outlook = win32.Dispatch('Outlook.Application')
        mail = outlook.CreateItem(0)  # 0表示邮件
        
        # 设置收件人
        if isinstance(to_recipients, list):
            mail.To = '; '.join(to_recipients)
        else:
            mail.To = to_recipients
        
        # 设置抄送
        if cc_recipients:
            if isinstance(cc_recipients, list):
                mail.CC = '; '.join(cc_recipients)
            else:
                mail.CC = cc_recipients
        
        # 设置主题和正文
        mail.Subject = subject
        
        if is_html:
            mail.HTMLBody = body
        else:
            mail.Body = body
        
        # 添加附件
        if attachments:
            for attachment in attachments:
                mail.Attachments.Add(attachment)
        
        # 发送
        mail.Send()
        print("Outlook邮件发送成功！")
        
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"发送失败：{e}")

# 使用示例（需要在Windows上运行，且已安装Outlook）
# send_outlook_email(
#     to_recipients='[email protected]',
#     subject='测试邮件',
#     body='这是通过Outlook发送的邮件。',
#     attachments=[r'C:\path\to\file.xlsx']
# )

# 读取Outlook收件箱
def read_outlook_inbox(folder_name='收件箱', count=10):
    """读取Outlook收件箱"""
    outlook = win32.Dispatch('Outlook.Application')
    namespace = outlook.GetNamespace('MAPI')
    
    # 获取收件箱
    inbox = namespace.GetDefaultFolder(6)  # 6表示收件箱
    messages = inbox.Items
    messages.Sort('[ReceivedTime]', True)  # 按时间降序
    
    for i, message in enumerate(messages):
        if i >= count:
            break
        print(f"发件人：{message.SenderName}")
        print(f"主题：{message.Subject}")
        print(f"时间：{message.ReceivedTime}")
        print(f"正文预览：{message.Body[:100]}...")
        print("-" * 50)

# read_outlook_inbox()

6. 邮件模板

from string import Template
from datetime import datetime

# 使用string.Template
email_template = Template("""
尊敬的 $name：

您好！

您的订单 $order_id 已确认，详情如下：

订单日期：$date
商品名称：$product
数量：$quantity
金额：¥$amount

预计送达时间：$delivery_date

如有问题，请联系客服。

祝好！
$company
""")

def generate_email_content(data):
    """根据模板生成邮件内容"""
    return email_template.substitute(data)

# 使用示例
order_data = {
    'name': '张三',
    'order_id': 'ORD20241218001',
    'date': '2024-12-18',
    'product': 'Python编程书籍',
    'quantity': 2,
    'amount': '198.00',
    'delivery_date': '2024-12-20',
    'company': 'ABC公司'
}

content = generate_email_content(order_data)
print(content)

# 使用Jinja2模板（更强大）
# pip install jinja2
from jinja2 import Template as Jinja2Template

html_template = Jinja2Template("""
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
    <h2>订单确认</h2>
    <p>尊敬的 {{ name }}：</p>
    <p>您的订单已确认：</p>
    <table border="1">
        <tr><th>项目</th><th>内容</th></tr>
        <tr><td>订单号</td><td>{{ order_id }}</td></tr>
        <tr><td>商品</td><td>{{ product }}</td></tr>
        <tr><td>数量</td><td>{{ quantity }}</td></tr>
        <tr><td>金额</td><td>¥{{ amount }}</td></tr>
    </table>
    {% if notes %}
    <p>备注：{{ notes }}</p>
    {% endif %}
</body>
</html>
""")

html_content = html_template.render(
    name='张三',
    order_id='ORD001',
    product='书籍',
    quantity=2,
    amount='198.00',
    notes='请尽快发货'
)

7. 批量发送邮件

import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
import time
import csv

def batch_send_emails(
    sender_email,
    sender_password,
    recipients_data,  # 收件人数据列表
    subject_template,
    content_template,
    smtp_server='smtp.qq.com',
    smtp_port=465,
    delay=1  # 发送间隔（秒）
):
    """
    批量发送个性化邮件
    
    Args:
        recipients_data: 收件人数据列表，每项是字典
        subject_template: 主题模板
        content_template: 内容模板
        delay: 发送间隔，避免被识别为垃圾邮件
    """
    from string import Template
    
    subject_tpl = Template(subject_template)
    content_tpl = Template(content_template)
    
    # 连接服务器
    server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(smtp_server, smtp_port)
    server.login(sender_email, sender_password)
    
    success_count = 0
    fail_count = 0
    
    for i, recipient in enumerate(recipients_data):
        try:
            # 生成个性化内容
            subject = subject_tpl.safe_substitute(recipient)
            content = content_tpl.safe_substitute(recipient)
            
            # 创建邮件
            message = MIMEText(content, 'plain', 'utf-8')
            message['From'] = sender_email
            message['To'] = recipient['email']
            message['Subject'] = subject
            
            # 发送
            server.sendmail(sender_email, [recipient['email']], message.as_string())
            
            success_count += 1
            print(f"[{i+1}/{len(recipients_data)}] 发送成功：{recipient['email']}")
            
            # 延迟
            if delay > 0 and i < len(recipients_data) - 1:
                time.sleep(delay)
                
        except Exception as e:
            fail_count += 1
            print(f"[{i+1}/{len(recipients_data)}] 发送失败：{recipient['email']} - {e}")
    
    server.quit()
    
    print(f"\n发送完成！成功：{success_count}，失败：{fail_count}")

# 从CSV读取收件人
def load_recipients_from_csv(csv_file):
    """从CSV文件加载收件人数据"""
    recipients = []
    with open(csv_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
        reader = csv.DictReader(f)
        for row in reader:
            recipients.append(row)
    return recipients

# 使用示例
# recipients = [
#     {'email': '[email protected]', 'name': '张三', 'product': '产品A'},
#     {'email': '[email protected]', 'name': '李四', 'product': '产品B'},
# ]
# 
# batch_send_emails(
#     sender_email='[email protected]',
#     sender_password='your_auth_code',
#     recipients_data=recipients,
#     subject_template='$name，您的$product已发货',
#     content_template='尊敬的$name：\n\n您购买的$product已发货，请注意查收。\n\n祝好！'
# )

8. 定时发送

import schedule
import time
from datetime import datetime

def send_daily_report():
    """发送每日报告"""
    print(f"[{datetime.now()}] 发送每日报告...")
    # 这里调用发送邮件的函数
    # send_email_with_attachments(...)
    print("报告发送完成！")

def send_weekly_summary():
    """发送周报"""
    print(f"[{datetime.now()}] 发送周报...")
    # send_email_with_attachments(...)
    print("周报发送完成！")

# 设置定时任务
schedule.every().day.at("09:00").do(send_daily_report)  # 每天9点
schedule.every().monday.at("08:00").do(send_weekly_summary)  # 每周一8点
schedule.every(2).hours.do(send_daily_report)  # 每2小时

# 运行调度器
def run_scheduler():
    """运行定时任务调度器"""
    print("定时任务调度器已启动...")
    while True:
        schedule.run_pending()
        time.sleep(60)  # 每分钟检查一次

# run_scheduler()

# 使用Windows任务计划程序（推荐）
# 1. 创建Python脚本 send_report.py
# 2. 使用任务计划程序设置定时运行
# 命令：python C:\path\to\send_report.py

9. 常见问题与解决

❌ 问题1：连接超时

# 解决：检查网络，尝试不同端口
import socket
socket.setdefaulttimeout(30)  # 设置超时时间

# 或使用TLS而不是SSL
server = smtplib.SMTP(smtp_server, 587)
server.starttls()
server.login(sender_email, sender_password)

❌ 问题2：认证失败

# 解决：
# 1. 确认使用的是授权码而不是登录密码
# 2. 确认已开启SMTP服务
# 3. QQ邮箱：设置 -> 账户 -> POP3/SMTP服务 -> 开启 -> 获取授权码
# 4. 163邮箱：设置 -> POP3/SMTP/IMAP -> 开启 -> 设置授权码

❌ 问题3：中文乱码

# 解决：确保使用UTF-8编码
from email.header import Header

message['Subject'] = Header(subject, 'utf-8')
message['From'] = Header(f"发件人名称 <{sender_email}>", 'utf-8')

❌ 问题4：附件名乱码

# 解决：使用RFC 2231编码
attachment.add_header(
    'Content-Disposition',
    'attachment',
    filename=('utf-8', '', '中文文件名.xlsx')
)

❌ 问题5：被识别为垃圾邮件

# 解决：
# 1. 添加发送间隔
# 2. 使用正规的邮件服务器
# 3. 避免敏感词汇
# 4. 添加退订链接
# 5. 设置正确的发件人信息

10. 实战案例

案例：自动发送日报

"""
实战案例：自动生成并发送日报邮件
"""
import smtplib
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from pathlib import Path

class DailyReportSender:
    """日报发送器"""
    
    def __init__(self, smtp_config):
        self.smtp_config = smtp_config
    
    def generate_report_html(self, data):
        """生成报告HTML"""
        html = f"""
        <!DOCTYPE html>
        <html>
        <head>
            <style>
                body {{ font-family: Arial, sans-serif; }}
                .header {{ background: #4472C4; color: white; padding: 15px; }}
                .content {{ padding: 20px; }}
                table {{ border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; margin: 15px 0; }}
                th, td {{ border: 1px solid #ddd; padding: 10px; text-align: left; }}
                th {{ background: #4472C4; color: white; }}
                .highlight {{ color: #e74c3c; font-weight: bold; }}
                .success {{ color: #27ae60; }}
            </style>
        </head>
        <body>
            <div class="header">
                <h2>📊 {data['title']}</h2>
                <p>{data['date']}</p>
            </div>
            <div class="content">
                <h3>一、今日概况</h3>
                <ul>
                    <li>完成任务：<span class="success">{data['completed_tasks']}</span> 项</li>
                    <li>进行中：{data['in_progress']} 项</li>
                    <li>待处理：{data['pending']} 项</li>
                </ul>
                
                <h3>二、详细数据</h3>
                <table>
                    <tr>
                        <th>指标</th>
                        <th>今日</th>
                        <th>昨日</th>
                        <th>变化</th>
                    </tr>
        """
        
        for metric in data['metrics']:
            change_class = 'success' if metric['change'] >= 0 else 'highlight'
            change_symbol = '+' if metric['change'] >= 0 else ''
            html += f"""
                    <tr>
                        <td>{metric['name']}</td>
                        <td>{metric['today']}</td>
                        <td>{metric['yesterday']}</td>
                        <td class="{change_class}">{change_symbol}{metric['change']}%</td>
                    </tr>
            """
        
        html += f"""
                </table>
                
                <h3>三、备注</h3>
                <p>{data.get('notes', '无')}</p>
                
                <p style="color: #666; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 30px;">
                    此邮件由系统自动发送 | 发送时间：{datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}
                </p>
            </div>
        </body>
        </html>
        """
        return html
    
    def send_report(self, recipients, data, attachments=None):
        """发送报告"""
        # 生成HTML
        html_content = self.generate_report_html(data)
        
        # 创建邮件
        message = MIMEMultipart()
        message['From'] = self.smtp_config['sender']
        message['To'] = ', '.join(recipients)
        message['Subject'] = f"{data['title']} - {data['date']}"
        
        # 添加HTML正文
        message.attach(MIMEText(html_content, 'html', 'utf-8'))
        
        # 添加附件
        if attachments:
            for file_path in attachments:
                path = Path(file_path)
                if path.exists():
                    with open(path, 'rb') as f:
                        attachment = MIMEApplication(f.read())
                        attachment.add_header(
                            'Content-Disposition',
                            'attachment',
                            filename=('utf-8', '', path.name)
                        )
                        message.attach(attachment)
        
        # 发送
        try:
            server = smtplib.SMTP_SSL(
                self.smtp_config['server'],
                self.smtp_config['port']
            )
            server.login(
                self.smtp_config['sender'],
                self.smtp_config['password']
            )
            server.sendmail(
                self.smtp_config['sender'],
                recipients,
                message.as_string()
            )
            server.quit()
            print(f"日报发送成功！收件人：{recipients}")
            return True
        except Exception as e:
            print(f"发送失败：{e}")
            return False

# 使用示例
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # SMTP配置
    smtp_config = {
        'server': 'smtp.qq.com',
        'port': 465,
        'sender': '[email protected]',
        'password': 'your_auth_code'
    }
    
    # 报告数据
    report_data = {
        'title': '每日工作报告',
        'date': datetime.now().strftime('%Y年%m月%d日'),
        'completed_tasks': 5,
        'in_progress': 3,
        'pending': 2,
        'metrics': [
            {'name': '处理工单', 'today': 25, 'yesterday': 20, 'change': 25},
            {'name': '响应时间(分)', 'today': 15, 'yesterday': 18, 'change': -17},
            {'name': '客户满意度', 'today': 95, 'yesterday': 92, 'change': 3},
        ],
        'notes': '今日系统运行正常，无重大问题。'
    }
    
    # 发送
    sender = DailyReportSender(smtp_config)
    # sender.send_report(
    #     recipients=['[email protected]'],
    #     data=report_data,
    #     attachments=['daily_data.xlsx']
    # )

11. 总结

🔑 核心要点

知识点	要点
SMTP	使用smtplib发送邮件
邮件格式	MIMEText(纯文本/HTML), MIMEMultipart(附件)
附件	MIMEApplication添加附件
Outlook	win32com.client调用Outlook
模板	string.Template或Jinja2
批量发送	添加延迟，避免被识别为垃圾邮件
定时发送	schedule库或系统任务计划

✅ 学习检查清单

能发送简单文本邮件
能发送HTML格式邮件
能发送带附件的邮件
能批量发送个性化邮件
了解定时发送的实现方式

📖 下一步学习

掌握了邮件自动化后，让我们学习Python Socket通信：

常见问题 FAQ

💬 发邮件总是被当垃圾邮件怎么办？

确保：1）使用正规SMTP服务器（公司邮箱或Gmail）；2）设置正确的发件人名称；3）不要频率过高；4）邮件内容避免纯链接或纯图片。企业环境建议用Exchange/Outlook API。

💬 怎么发送带Excel附件的邮件？

用email.mime.base.MIMEBase添加附件，设置Content-Disposition为attachment。常见坑：附件路径要用绝对路径，文件名含中文时需要编码。

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